JUSINDO, Vol. 6 No. 2, Juli 2024
p-ISSN: 2303-288X, e-ISSN: 2541-7207
Jurnal Sehat Indonesia: Vol. 6, No. 2, Juli 2024 | 649
Development of Nutrition Education Media in the Form of Booklets on the
Importance of Breakfast for Junior High School Students
Widi Nur Aisyah
1
, Luluk Ria Rakhma
2
Universitas Muhammadiyah, Surakarta, Indonesia
Email: widia[email protected], lulukrakhma@ums.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Educational media has an important role in students' learning
process. The number of student score results has decreased,
indicating that students' understanding of the material is
relatively low. Media that feels appropriate and in accordance
with current conditions is booklet learning media. The purpose
of this study was to analyze the understanding of junior high
school students using booklet learning media.
This research uses Research and Development research
procedures (research and development). The analysis of this
study is a questionnaire on the feasibility of educational media
through booklets. The questionnaires tested the validity of
media experts and material experts and student learning
outcomes with the existence of learning media through
booklets.
Educational Media;
Booklet
Coresponden Author: Luluk Ria Rakhma
Email: [email protected]
Artikel dengan akses terbuka dibawah lisensi
Introduction
Advances in science and technology, especially information technology,
significantly affect the preparation and implementation of learning strategies. Through
these advancements, teachers can use various media according to their needs and learning
objectives (Hartini & Zaini Imam, 2013). The development of technology today
influences the world of education, especially in the learning media used in the learning
process. Learning media is a means that allows the realization of a direct relationship
between the work of a subject developer and students (Melinda et al., 2010)
According to Rifaldi et al. (2017), an electronic book is a digital version of a book
that generally consists of a collection of papers containing text or images. The booklet
itself makes the text and images in information both in plain text format and pdf.
The advantages of booklets can be learned at any time because the design is in the
form of a book, can be learned independently by students, messages or information are
relatively more than posters, attractive booklet designs make students interested in
reading them (Gemilang & Christiana, 2018)
Knowledge is the result of human sensing, or the result of knowing a person about
objects through the senses he has (eyes, nose, ears, and some of them). The intensity of
Jurnal Sehat Indonesia: Vol. 6, No. 2, Juli 2024 | 650
perception of objects greatly influences the sensing time to produce knowledge. Most of
a person's knowledge is acquired through the sense of hearing (ears) and the sense of sight
(eyes) (Soekidjo Notoatmodjo, 2018). Breakfast knowledge is everything that someone
knows from the results through senses about what breakfast is like, the benefits of
breakfast, the consequences of not breakfast, the type of breakfast composition according
to the contents of my plate, and examples of breakfast menus.
Attitudes are actions based on beliefs and norms that exist in society, usually
religious norms. However, human actions usually depend on the problem based on their
respective beliefs (Suharyat, 2009). Attitude is a behavioral tendency to do things in
specific ways, methods, techniques, and patterns toward the surrounding world, both in
the form of certain people and objects (Arifin, 2016).
Behavior is a set of actions or actions of a person responding to something and then
making a habit because of the value believed. Human behavior is essentially the actions
or activities of humans, both observed and unobservable by human interaction with their
environment, which manifests in the form of knowledge, attitudes, and actions
(Triwibowo et al., 2015)
Nutritional status measures a person's body condition, which can be seen from the
food consumed and the use of substances in the body. It is divided into several categories,
namely undernourished status, regular nutrition, and overnutrition (Kartini et al., 2019).
Food intake is very influential on a person's nutritional status.
According to Dr. Leane, M.Sc, a nutritionist revealed that breakfast, as the first
meal, which is then relied on as an energy reserve for the continuity of children's
activities, also protects the body against the adverse effects of empty stomach conditions
for hours. The stomach's emptiness can cause blood sugar levels in the body to drop
dramatically; this results in the supply of glucose energy for the brain being disrupted, so
the cognition ability weakens.
A good breakfast must contain lots of carbohydrates because it will stimulate
glucose and micronutrients in the brain that can produce energy; it can also spur the brain
to help focus the mind on learning and facilitating the absorption of lessons. Almost 50%
of teenagers, especially late teens, do not eat breakfast. Other studies also prove that many
teenagers (89%) still believe breakfast is essential. Those who eat breakfast regularly are
only 60%. Young women instead skip two meals and prefer snacks (Mawarni, 2018).
Breakfast habits greatly influence a person's intake in the morning.
The results of data analysis of Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2010 showed
there are still many children who are not accustomed to a healthy breakfast, namely
around 35,000 school-age children (26.1%) who only eat breakfast with drinking water
and 44.6% energy intake from breakfast less than 15% RDA of energy. Research studies
(Dwi, 2013) prove that 16.9%-59% of school children, adolescents, and adults in
Indonesia do not eat breakfast. Specifically for school-age children, 44.6% of school
children who eat breakfast have low-quality breakfast nutrition. Based on (Riskesdas,
2018), 26.1% of school-age children and adolescents do not eat breakfast. Schoolchildren
Jurnal Sehat Indonesia: Vol. 6, No. 2, Juli 2024 | 651
only consume drinks at breakfast, 26% consume water, milk, or tea, and most consume
breakfast with low quality.
Therefore, the author was motivated to develop educational media titled
"Development of Nutrition Education Media in the Form of Booklets on the Importance
of Breakfast for Junior High School Students." This study is essential to examining
breakfast habits in school-age adolescents, studying nutritional knowledge, breakfast
concepts, and breakfast habits, assessing breakfast quality in adolescents, analyzing the
relationship of family characteristics with breakfast habits, and analyzing nutritional
knowledge with breakfast quality.
Research Methods
The research used is the Research and Development (RnD) method, which produces
products in the form of booklet media to increase knowledge of the importance of
breakfast for junior high school students. The model used in this research and
development uses the ADDIE design model (Analysis, Design, Development,
Implementation, Evaluation). This ADDIE development model first appeared in 1975.
(Setiawan et al., 2021) states that the ADDIE model is an approach that emphasizes
analysis related to how each component interacts and coordinates with each other
according to the existing phases. The population used in this study is students of SMP Al-
Islam 1 Surakarta for the 2024 academic year, with a sample of 50 students. Researchers
determine samples with a simple random sampling technique, and the number is
determined based on the calculation results of the Lemeshow formula. Data collection
techniques in product trials using questionnaires or questionnaires. The data analysis
technique used in this study is a quantitative analysis technique using average calculation
techniques. Analysis of this research data using the SPSS application.
Results and Discussion
Media Development
Tabel 1 Media Development
No
Development Procedure
Event Name
1
Analysis Phase
Needs analysis
2
Design Phase
Booklet-based learning media
planning
3
Development Phase
Assessment of subject matter experts
and media experts and small class
goals
4
Implementation Phase
Trial on large class students of SMP
Al-Islam 1 Surakarta
5
Evaluation Phase
Evaluate the stages that have been
carried out previously
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Development Results
This product development research is adapted from the steps of the ADDIE development
model developed by Dick and Carry (1996):
1. Analysis: School students first need nutrition education about the importance of
booklet-based breakfast to make it easy for students to remember and store. For this
reason, researchers offer nutrition education to junior high school students. Booklet
media was chosen because the media displays attractive visual images and can be
accepted by junior high school students by containing good information about
breakfast. So, junior high school students easily apply the habit of eating breakfast
before school. It is hoped that with the booklet media, students can learn with focus
during class because they have consumed breakfast, so there is no distraction from
feeling hungry.
2. Design: This planning stage aims to determine media specifications based on
information that has been obtained from the results of the needs analysis, which can
be seen as follows:
a. Scenario Design
Tabel 2 Media Scenario Design
No.
Topic
Yard
Illustrative image
1.
2.
3.
Cover
Content
Closingan
1
2 – 16
17
Schoolchildren are
having breakfast.
Examples of
practical breakfast
are parents working,
currency, children
overeating, and
children waking up
late.
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b. Determination of Material Content
The material published in the media includes an understanding of breakfast, its
benefits, its influence on nutritional status, breakfast habits, the amount of
breakfast contribution, the adverse effects of leaving breakfast, good breakfast
criteria, indicators that affect children not having breakfast, breakfast time,
practical breakfast examples, and slogans.
3. Development:
a. This development stage is carried out after the learning media based on print
media, this educational booklet has been completed. This media is created based
on the design of the material scenario set and the media format that has been
compiled.
b. Media Validation: After the development stage, the next stage is media
validation. Validators assess through questionnaires and provide five alternative
answers that have been provided.
Media Credentials
1. Expert Validation Test Results Data
Table 3 Material Expert Validation Test Data
Indicator
Validator
Averag
e
Information
CVR
1
2
3
The relevance of breakfast
material in accordance with
balanced nutrition guidelines
4
5
4
4,6
Verry Decent
1,00
Material relevance of the
Regulation of the Minister of
Health of the Republic of
Indonesia no. 41 2014
concerning Getting Used to
Breakfast
4
5
4
4,6
Verry Decent
1,00
The material relevance of the
benefits of breakfast in
accordance with Permenkes
RI no. 41 of 2014 concerning
Guidelines for Balanced
Nutrition
4
5
3
4
Verry Decent
1,00
The relevance of the negative
effects of leaving breakfast
3
5
3
3,6
Decent
1,00
The relevance of the material
Fill My Plate
3
5
3
3,6
Decent
1,00
Material relevance of factors
affecting not eating breakfast
3
3
3
3
Decent
1,00
The relevance of
recommended breakfast time
4
5
2
3,6
Decent
0,33
Punctuation writing on the
media is correct
3
3
3
3
Decent
1,00
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Score: 1-2 = Inefficient, 3-5 = Efficient
The CVR value of each question item:
CVR = ((Ne-N/2)/(N/2)
Table 4 CVR & CVI Calculation Results
Indicator
Ne
CVR
CVI
Item 1
3
1,00
1,00
Item 2
3
1,00
1,00
Item 3
3
1,00
1,00
Item 4
3
1,00
1,00
Item 5
3
1,00
1,00
Item 6
3
1,00
1,00
Item 7
2
0,33
0,67
Item 8
3
1,00
1,00
Item 9
2
0,33
0,67
Item 10
3
1,00
1,00
The overall material expert validation test results reached an average score of 3.63
with the category "Decent." The CVR score obtained on each question is 1.00, but
indicators 7 and 9 score 0.33 with a total CVR of 10. Furthermore, the calculation of the
results of the CVI value is obtained with a CVI value of 1, which is included in the very
appropriate category, indicators 7 and 9 with a value of 0.67, including the very
appropriate category. So, it can be concluded that the material's content in this booklet is
"Feasible" and can be used as a nutritional education medium about the importance of
breakfast for junior high school students.
The results of media expert validation can be seen in Table 4:
Table 5 Media Expert Validation Test Data
Indicator
Validator
Average
Information
1
2
3
The quality of learning media
has met the criteria for
learning media
4
4
3
3,6
Decent
The design can attract the
attention of students
4
5
4
4,3
Verry Decent
General display of engaging
learning media
4
5
4
4,3
Verry Decent
The use of the term in the
media is appropriate
2
4
3
3
Decent
0,33
Sentences contained in the
media are clear and
understandable
3
4
3
3,3
Decent
1,00
Total
3,63
Decent
∑CVR
=10
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Compatibility of the display
with the background
4
4
4
4
Decent
Interesting colour
combinations
4
4
4
4
Decent
Precise selection of colours in
the image to make it clear
4
4
4
4
Decent
Accuracy of font size selection
3
5
4
4
Decent
Compatibility of image and
animation settings
4
4
4
4
Decent
The suitability of the
presentation of the image with
the material discussed
4
4
4
4
Decent
Illustrations are easy to
understand and fit everyday
life
5
4
5
4,6
Verry Decent
Total
4,08
Verry Decent
Literature studies show that animation as a technology-based learning medium can
increase student learning motivation (Alannasir, 2016). Animation has a strong visual
appeal, arousing students' imagination and creativity. With the proper use of animation,
complex or abstract learning material can be delivered in a way that is easier for students
to understand. Animation can also present information interactively, allowing students to
actively participate in the learning process (Yuliansah, 2019). The validation test results
from the three media experts overall received an average score of 4.08 in the category
"Very Decent." So, it can be concluded that this electronic book-based nutrition education
media can be used as informative media related to the importance of breakfast for
students.
The results of goal validation are shown in table 6 below:
Tabel 6 Goal Validation Test Data
Indicator
Validator
Average
Information
1
2
3
Learning media can be
operated easily
4
4
4
4
Decent
A simple way of delivering
material
4
5
5
4,6
Verry Decent
I gained more knowledge
through education in this book
5
5
4
4,6
Verry Decent
The Electronic Book's display
is attractive.
4
3
5
4
Decent
This learning media was able
to attract my attention to more
easily understand health
material
5
4
5
4,6
Verry Decent
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Text-animated images in
Electronic Book media are
displayed
3
4
4
3,6
Decent
The delivery of material like
this increases the motivation
for the breakfast routine
4
3
4
3,6
Decent
The layout of the information
contained in the Electronic
Book media is visible
3
5
4
4
Decent
The material presented is easy
to understand
5
5
5
5
Verry Decent
Overall, I am satisfied with
this Electronic Book media
5
5
4
4,6
Verry Decent
Total
4,26
Verry Decent
The validation test results of the three targets get an average score of 5 with the
category "Very feasible." So it can be concluded that the educational media of this booklet
is "Very feasible" to be used as a nutrition education media about the importance of
breakfast for junior high school students because it has met the target aspects of small
groups. According to (Aprilia et al., 2022), engaging, entertaining, and relevant
animations can arouse students' interest in learning. This aligns with research (Iqbal et al.,
2023), which states that booklet media can improve children's nutritional knowledge.
With educational media that has been designed using attractive animations, it is hoped
that the target will more easily understand the importance of breakfast.
The results of the overall validation test of material experts, media experts, and
small group targets can be seen in Table 7:
Table 7 Media Test Results Data
Testing
Average
Category
CVI
Material Validation
Test
3,63
Decent
1
Media Validation Test
4,08
Verry Decent
-
Goal Validation Test
4,26
Verry Decent
-
Table 7 shows that nutrition education media in booklets have an average result of
material validation tests of 3.63, classified as feasible categories. The results of the media
validation test showed an average score of 4.08, which is classified as very decent. The
results of the target validation test get an average value of 4.26, which is classified as very
feasible, so it can be declared very feasible for the target user. Validation tests using CVI
from material experts have values that fall into the category of very appropriate. Based
on the data obtained, it can be concluded that booklet educational media about the
importance of breakfast for junior high school students is feasible and suitable for
nutrition education.
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Knowledge Before and After Nutrition Education
Table 8 Distribution of respondents by level of knowledge
Knowledge Categories
Before
After
n
%
n
%
Low
6
12
2
4
Keep
38
76
21
42
Good
6
12
27
54
Total
50
100
50
100
The categorization results showed that before the intervention, the level of
knowledge was low at 12%, medium at 76%, and the level of knowledge was good at
12%. After the intervention in the form of nutrition education counselling assisted by
booklet media, students were measured again by being given the same questionnaire as
before as a measure of knowledge and to determine whether or not there were changes
before and after the intervention. The post-test results showed that students' knowledge
increased with low category results of 4%, medium 42%, and good 54%.
The questions used in the knowledge questionnaire refer to the importance of
breakfast. The highest percentage of correct answers before breakfast counseling was
98% about understanding breakfast, the right time to carry out breakfast, and ten messages
of balanced nutrition. The lowest percentage of correct answers before breakfast
counseling prevented one of the metabolic disorders by 8% and the loss of leaving
breakfast by 25%.
The percentage of correct answers after intervention in counseling with booklet
media showed that all questions improved. The highest percentage of correct questions
about the meaning of breakfast rose to 100%, and the right time to perform breakfast also
rose to 100%. The question has a high percentage possible because respondents quickly
understood the material, read the booklet, and listened to the counselling delivered. For
the percentage of pretest answers that were previously the lowest, namely about breakfast,
which can prevent one of the metabolic disorders after counselling, the figure rose from
8% to 78%, meaning an increase in knowledge by 70%. Based on the answer choices
chosen by respondents, the average respondent is fooled by dizziness, fireflies, and
malnutrition if they do not have breakfast. Breakfast material can prevent metabolic
disorders, which are already listed in the media booklet so that respondents can get
information from the media booklet.
The percentage that had a low increase in the question of the benefits of breakfast
increased by 2% from 96% to 98%. This low increase is possible because the available
answers still deceive some, so they have not reached a maximum percentage of 100%.
Things that can influence respondents to answer incorrectly include the delivery of
material lacking emphasis from the source/author, less explicit material, and the material
in the booklet being explained unevenly. Apart from the resource person's factors,
respondents' conditions can affect post-test work. These include their lack of
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concentration when answering questions, readiness in post-test work, and paying less
attention when delivering material.
The percentage of answers before and after counseling has increased. The increase
also illustrates the success of counseling with booklet media. Using booklet media by
researchers helps respondents obtain information that has not been known before.
Therefore, respondents who cannot answer questions before being given counseling can
answer these questions correctly after counseling is given.
Media Application Results
Table 9 Results Average acceptability
Panning
N
SD
Average
Rate
p-value
Before the study
50
9,9
75
0,000
After the study
50
9,7
85
Difference
10
Based on the results of the media application, the average pretest score was 75, and
the average post-test score was 85. Students were not given any information regarding
the importance of breakfast before taking the questionnaire. The questionnaire explains
instructions on how to answer the question. Then, nutrition education was given while
students read the media booklet for approximately 10 minutes. A question-and-answer
session was carried out, and the next step was continued with questionnaires to see
changes in student knowledge. Students are given 10 minutes to complete all the
questions in the questionnaire, totaling 10 items, and the results increase students'
knowledge. Based on the data, it can be concluded that nutrition education media, in the
form of booklets, affects junior high school students because of an increase in knowledge
by 10%. These results align with research (Permadi et al., 2021),, proving that using
booklet media in health education for junior high school studentscan increase student
knowledge.
In Table 9, it can be seen that there is a significant difference between pre-test
results with nutrition education post-test with the Paired T-Test test obtained results with
p-values of 0.000 < 0.05, this shows that there is a significant difference between
knowledge before nutrition education and after nutrition education using booklets
evidenced by a percentage increase in knowledge of 10%. Creative learning media will
make students quickly and easily understand the material the teacher delivers so that
learning sessions do not feel monotonous and students are not only objects in learning but
also become subjects. Because of the learning media, teachers and students become more
interactive with each other (Rohima, 2023).
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Conclusion
Based on the research and development results of this nutrition education media, it
can be concluded that the product developed is a booklet-based learning media about the
importance of breakfast for junior high school students. This nutrition education media
was developed based on the purpose of research, namely developing and implementing
booklet-based nutrition education media to increase students’ nutritional knowledge
related to the morning eating habits of junior high school children. Based on the validation
test results, the media validation test obtained an average value of 4.08, which is classified
as very feasible. The results of the target validation test get an average value of 4.26,
which is classified as very feasible, so it can be declared very feasible for the target user.
Validation tests using CVI from material experts have values that fall into the category
of very appropriate. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that booklet
educational media about the importance of breakfast for junior high school students is
very feasible and suitable for nutrition education. From the research data using
educational media after conducting pre and post-tests on grade 7A and 7B students of
SMP Al-Islam 1 Surakarta, an average of pre-test 75 and post-test 85 were obtained. Thus,
the post-test results are higher than the pre-test results. From the paired t-test data,
students’ knowledge is significantly different because Sig. (2-failed) has a value of 0.00
less than 0.05. So, it can be concluded that there is a difference between pre and post-
tests. So, the test on the t-test statistics is declared valid and effective.
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